John Kenneth Galbraith :: essays research papers

                John Kenneth Galbraith The Canadian-conceived, Berkeley-prepared John Kenneth Galbraith has been considered by numerous individuals as the "Last American Institutionalist". Therefore, Galbraith has remained something of a maverick in present day financial matters - and his work has been nothing if not provocative. During the 1950s, he gave financial matters two tracts that needled the standard: one building up a hypothesis of value control (which emerged out of his wartime involvement with the Office of Price Administration) which he contended for as an enemy of expansion strategy (1952); the second, American Capitalism (1952), which contended that American post-war achievement emerged not out of "getting the costs right" in a conventional sense, yet rather of "getting the costs wrong" and permitting modern fixation to create. It is an equation for development since it empowers specialized advancement which may some way or another not been finished. In any case, it must be viewed as fruitful gave there is a "countervailing power" against likely maltreatment as worker's guilds, provider and customer associations and government guideline. Many have since contended the equation for East Asian achievement later in the century depended unequivocally on this mix of oligopolistic power and "countervailing" foundations. It was his smallish 1958 book, The Affluent Society, that earned Galbraith his well known reknown and expert emnity. In spite of the fact that the postulation was not astoundingly new - having for some time been contended by Veblen, Mitchell and Knight - his assault on the legend of "consumer sovereignty" conflicted with the foundation of standard financial matters and, from various perspectives, the socially authoritative "American method of life". His New Industrial State (1967) developed Galbraith's hypothesis of the firm, contending that the customary speculations of the totally serious firm missed the mark in expository force. Firms, Galbraith guaranteed, were oligopolistic, self-ruling establishments competing for piece of the overall industry (and not benefit augmentation) which wrested power away from proprietors (business people/investors), controllers and buyers through ordinary methods (for example vertical joining, promoting, item separation) and eccentric ones (for example bureaucratization, catch of political kindness), and so forth. Normally, these were subjects effectively very much embraced in the old American Institutionalist writing, yet during the 1960s, they had been obviously overlooked in financial matters. The issue of "political capture" by firms was developed in his 1973 Economics and the Public Purpose. In any case, new subjects were included - outstandingly, that of state funded instruction, the political procedure and focusing on the arrangement of open merchandise. Albeit frequently not recognizing it unequivocally, numerous financial experts have since sought after topics raised by Galbraith.

Business Law Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Law Coursework - Essay Example (or then again Divies) under the standard of vicarious risk. Cases may in like manner have a case for important monetary misfortune. For Abraham and Crates to effectively guarantee under the law of tort, it must be shown that the components making up a fruitful case of carelessness exist: obligation, break, causation, and harm. On account of Lochgelly Iron and Coal Co. v M'Mullan (1934), it was expressed that the tort of carelessness 'appropriately means the complex of obligation, penetrate and harm along these lines endured by the individual to whom the obligation was owing'. It was similarly expressed in Burton v Islington (1992) that 'it is currently rudimentary that the tort of carelessness includes three factors: an obligation of care, a break of that obligation and ensuing harm.' Based on the prior choices, the tort of carelessness to be significant must have the accompanying components: (1) there is a lawful obligation of care owed by litigant to the offended party; (2) a penetrate of that legitimate obligation of care comprising of a demonstration or oversight by the respondent; and (3) subsequent harm wit h respect to the offended party accordingly such act or exclusion by the litigant. [see likewise Markesinis, p. 69 (1999)] In the ongoing instance of Jones v BBC, 2007 WL 2187023 (QBD), Jones, an independent sound recordist for litigant BBC, asserted that he endured individual injury brought about by the carelessness of the respondents. During an account of the bringing down of a windmill pole, and keeping in mind that Jones was strolling under the slanted pole, the windmill rotor fell onto his back causing serious spinal injury rendering him paraplegic. In administering for the petitioner, the court expressed that the BBC, as manager, had accepted accountability for the wellbeing and security of specialists when they take a shot at BBC creations. Since the wellbeing group had distinguished a danger of the falling pole, a conversation before recording ought to have been made to caution the team not to go underneath it. Be that as it may, the security team didn't give the admonition. Such disappointment of BBC, through the security group, is viewed as careless which caused Jones' mishap. It had been held that it was officeholder upon BBC, its security team and the proprietors of the ranch as occupiers of the site to make strides further to those they had taken to guarantee that the BBC group didn't go under the pole during its bringing down. In the moment case, the shop director penetrated the lawful obligation of care expected of him in light of the current situation when he neglected to give a security cautioning or risk cautioning subsequent to opening the windows onto the asphalt since it is sensibly predictable that such window impedes the way of the passerby and is destined to cause a mishap. Subsequently, on account of Crowther v Kirklees Metropolitan Council (2006), the inquirer rescue vehicle driver asserted harms for individual wounds she continued when she went to the place of a patient where the road was a restricted circular drive without any pathways. At the point when offended party escaped the rescue vehicle and set her correct foot on the progression, as it was a hi gh drop to the street, and her left foot on the ground, it entered an enormous deformity revolved around a round utility spread estimating 5cm top to bottom, 40cm in width and 46 cm long. At the point when her foot entered the deformity, she went over to her left side lower leg, which she stressed. In administering for the offended party, the court expressed that it was sensibly predictable that the imperfection could bring about injury to walkers. The

Spring Admission Notes #2 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Spring Admission Notes #2 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This is the second entry to help spring applicants with the details of the application process. Admission application review at SIPA is not rolling, rather we wait for the application deadline to pass, print all of the submitted applications, package all of the applications into different groups, and then distribute them to the Committee for review.   It takes about two weeks after the deadline to package everything and anywhere from 2-4 weeks for the review process to be completed.   This means we will inform spring applicants of our decision sometime in the first few weeks of November. Applicants are informed of their decision on line.   Thus there is no mail delay.   We will mail official letters of admission at a later time, however we want applicants to know of their decision as soon as possible. Spring applicants face a very tight time line.   Decisions will go out in November and Orientation starts on January 10th. Classes start the next week on January 18th.   This leaves roughly 8 weeks between admission notification and enrollment.   This is short period of time to find housing and confirm financing to pay for all of your expenses.   More information on expenses and financial aid in the next spring admission entry.

The Cold War During World War II Essay - 1185 Words

The Cold War was not a military conflict, but was an ongoing political conflict involving both military and economic competition between two superpowers advancing rapidly wanting to be number one. The evolvement of the Cold War began during and after World War I, although the official beginning of the Cold War was in 1945, at the Yalta Conference after World War II. There were many causes of the Cold War, but can be summed up as a battle between capitalism and communism. Also, along with President Truman s disliking Joseph Stalin’s way of thinking and how he handling things like the desire of the Soviet Union wanting to spread communism throughout the world. Both the Soviet Union and the United States feared each other on the atomic bomb and if they were going to attack each other. Then America refusing to share its nuclear secrets, the Soviet Union needing to secure its western border, and the expansion of Russia into Eastern Europe. The timing of the Cold War was crucial and one of the most diverse in the recent world history. Not only was it a war of diversity, but a war of great length that lasted about fifty years. What made this time so significant was that the whole world was involved in this war in some way. The world was split into two opposite teams and one minor mistake could have easily resulted in another world war. The Cold War is different from most wars for the simple reason of it was a war that was never actually fought. In the 1920 s and on into the 1930Show MoreRelatedThe Cold War During World War II930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was political hostility between the United States of America and the Soviet Union through threats, propaganda and series of warfare incidents that made these superpowers of the time suspicious of one another. With the sources of the reader I will explain who’s to be at fault for the Cold war, the United States or the Soviet Union. The term â€Å"Cold War† according to Heonik Kwon in his document origins of the Cold War â€Å"†¦ refers to the prevailing condition of the world in the second halfRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was the name given to the non-aggressive conflict between The United States and Russia that began after World War II. However, there is disagreement over the exact dates of the Cold War. Nevertheless, it took place somewhere between the end of World War II and the early 1 989 (Wendt n.d). The Cold War brought about a number of crises in the decades that it lasted. These crises include: Vietnam, the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cold War itself was the result of the UnitedRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II854 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a major event in the U.S. and Soviet Union’s history. The main reason that these two countries entered into the Cold War after World War II was power. The USSR and United States had two very different perspectives on power coming out of World War II. This disagreement ultimately caused the Cold War. Russia’s perspective after World War II was influenced by Joseph Stalin. Stalin, the leader of the USSR at the time, was a merciless dictator. His main concern was maintaining power andRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1397 Words   |  6 PagesWar is the result of hate and brutality that can affect people in a negative way. The Cold War relates to the war in the Butter Battle book as it demonstrates hate, which should not be taught to kids in children s books. Conflict and competition can lead to war. The Cold War was a 45 year long rivalry between the Western powers, led by the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States formed a military base to protect them from other threats such as the Soviets. The expansion of the SovietRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1324 Words   |  6 PagesWhen World War II ended, the last thing the countries imagined was another worldwide conflict. But that’s exactly was soon ensued when the Cold War erupted between the Eastern powers and the Western powers. The Eastern powers consisted of the Soviet Union and the Western powers consisted of America, Britain and France. During World War II, these allies had a common ground to work together in effort to fight against Hitler and the Nazi Party. The Cold War wasn’t an actual war where battles were fought;Read MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a clash of culture, ideologies, and a standoff between the world s two greatest nuclear powers. The argument of the American side was based around Capitalism and a hunger for ever growing business while the Soviet Union’s was structured around Communism and it’s powerful theocracy that stated it must be spread to every country on the planet. As a result, there has been much debate about whether the U.S. initiated the Cold War through their usage of the atomic bomb in World War IIRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1760 Words   |  8 PagesEssay One During World War II the United States and the Soviet Union were allies, but by 1950, their relationship had disintegrated and the two nations were engaged in a â€Å"Cold War.† The â€Å"Cold War† occurred due to efforts by both nations after the war to maintain influence in regions like Eastern Europe for the Soviets and Turkey and Greece for the United States, but the â€Å"Cold War† wasn’t limited to these disputes. The â€Å"Cold War† was influenced by many factors on the United States side including theRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period of 44 years of both military and political tension after World War II. There were many ideals and events that lead to the Cold War. Nationalism, poor economic conditions, and a strong desire for democracy and human rights are the primary reasons that many believe the Cold War started. However, these are just a few of the reasons for the Cold War. Events s uch as the Yalta Conference, Truman Doctrine, Potsdam Conference, and the Marshall Plan also greatly influenced the startRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II2261 Words   |  10 PagesThe Cold War was a period of rivalry short of armed confrontation. Tensions oscillated between former allies of the World War II, Russia and America, leading to the infamous cold war. It is rather difficult to determine the starting point of the Cold War because the East-West relationship had been deteriorating since a long time due to their conflicting ideologies and aspirations. However, the circumstances required for them to form an alliance in World War II, but this friendship was short livedRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay2497 Words   |  10 PagesThe Cold War was one of the most fear-inducing situations in American history. Post World War II, the superpowers of the world, namely the United States and the U.S.S.R, struggled to settle issues that arose from initiatives and re sponses after the war. These created the climate of tension and distrust between the two nations (Sibley 1). The United States held tightly to its liberal-capitalist beliefs while the Soviets â€Å"†¦professed fervent belief,† in their Marxist-Leninist ideology (Sibley 1). Many

James Cook Free Essays

James Cook Essay Alice Holder James Cook Essay Alice Holder In 1788, the Europeans invaded Australia after the First Fleet of British ships landed in Botany Bay on the 18th of January, but then docked in Port Jackson, which we know as Sydney, New South Wales. At the time, there were Over 750000 Aboriginal people in Australia. Lieutenant James Cook had declared Australia to be terra nullius (no one’s land) in 1770 after which the colonists agreed together that they could make the land their own. We will write a custom essay sample on James Cook or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cook believed that the Aboriginals lived well. They had everything they needed in that time, and were in his view to be healthier and happier than most Europeans. Cook’s opinion can be considered valid because in 1788 the indigenous people had very complex social structures, and communication was a strong part of their lives. There were various different tribes or group gatherings around this period of time, and the Aboriginals loved to get together to talk and see each other, whether they were talking about their day, their problems, or anything. They had many different groups of people to talk to, or refer back to, and most of these relationships were fairly strong. A few of these groups were kinships, religious groups, nations, and moiety and physical structures. Family is a very strong aspect in the aboriginal culture. Most of the time they had extended families and the eldest few in the family took on major roles in looking after the family and helping out. Communication and gatherings were taken for granted in the families, except the mother-in-law rule, which is when you cannot speak directly to your mother in law. This rule applies to both men and women, and if communication was necessary, then they would talk via third person, but never make one on one communication with the person. This is an example of Cook believing that the aboriginals were rich in friendship, family and communication, because they had so many different tribes to refer back to, and are great at communication and getting involved with other people and groups. In this time of life, there wasn’t the local shop to go and buy your food and basic needs. There wasn’t a dance school nearby to learn the latest moves. There wasn’t spearing classes to learn how to fight for your food, everyone had to learn everything by themselves, or learn off each other. The Aboriginal culture was very fortunate in having the skill to get what they want, wether that was fighting for food, making weapons, etc. They kept warm by sleeping or just sitting in between two small fires, and they also had dingos, which is a camping dog which they slept next to keep warm. They developed spearing skills because that was the only way they could get food to live off. They were never sick and just seemed to make the most of what they had, and never had bad thoughts about what they had, because they knew they had the best, and all they needed to survive; and they were wealthier than the average European. In summary, Cook’s view that aboriginals were not savages is most certainly correct. They had everything they needed to live a long and happy life compared to the Europeans. Many people did not believe this, and had a clear stereotype of the Aboriginal culture in their head, but this was wrong. Traditional Life, Housing, (date unknown), Aboriginal Culture, [web page], lt;http://www. aboriginalculture. com. au/housing. shtmlgt;, [accessed 8th May 2012] How to cite James Cook, Papers

James Cook Free Essays

James Cook Essay Alice Holder James Cook Essay Alice Holder In 1788, the Europeans invaded Australia after the First Fleet of British ships landed in Botany Bay on the 18th of January, but then docked in Port Jackson, which we know as Sydney, New South Wales. At the time, there were Over 750000 Aboriginal people in Australia. Lieutenant James Cook had declared Australia to be terra nullius (no one’s land) in 1770 after which the colonists agreed together that they could make the land their own. We will write a custom essay sample on James Cook or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cook believed that the Aboriginals lived well. They had everything they needed in that time, and were in his view to be healthier and happier than most Europeans. Cook’s opinion can be considered valid because in 1788 the indigenous people had very complex social structures, and communication was a strong part of their lives. There were various different tribes or group gatherings around this period of time, and the Aboriginals loved to get together to talk and see each other, whether they were talking about their day, their problems, or anything. They had many different groups of people to talk to, or refer back to, and most of these relationships were fairly strong. A few of these groups were kinships, religious groups, nations, and moiety and physical structures. Family is a very strong aspect in the aboriginal culture. Most of the time they had extended families and the eldest few in the family took on major roles in looking after the family and helping out. Communication and gatherings were taken for granted in the families, except the mother-in-law rule, which is when you cannot speak directly to your mother in law. This rule applies to both men and women, and if communication was necessary, then they would talk via third person, but never make one on one communication with the person. This is an example of Cook believing that the aboriginals were rich in friendship, family and communication, because they had so many different tribes to refer back to, and are great at communication and getting involved with other people and groups. In this time of life, there wasn’t the local shop to go and buy your food and basic needs. There wasn’t a dance school nearby to learn the latest moves. There wasn’t spearing classes to learn how to fight for your food, everyone had to learn everything by themselves, or learn off each other. The Aboriginal culture was very fortunate in having the skill to get what they want, wether that was fighting for food, making weapons, etc. They kept warm by sleeping or just sitting in between two small fires, and they also had dingos, which is a camping dog which they slept next to keep warm. They developed spearing skills because that was the only way they could get food to live off. They were never sick and just seemed to make the most of what they had, and never had bad thoughts about what they had, because they knew they had the best, and all they needed to survive; and they were wealthier than the average European. In summary, Cook’s view that aboriginals were not savages is most certainly correct. They had everything they needed to live a long and happy life compared to the Europeans. Many people did not believe this, and had a clear stereotype of the Aboriginal culture in their head, but this was wrong. Traditional Life, Housing, (date unknown), Aboriginal Culture, [web page], lt;http://www. aboriginalculture. com. au/housing. shtmlgt;, [accessed 8th May 2012] How to cite James Cook, Papers

Birds of a feather Essay Example For Students

Birds of a feather Essay Think of play that has a character who always dresses in black; a child disinherited because of a parents remarriage; a young man with an Oedipal complex; meditations on the nature of writing and art; and a play-within-a-play. If you guessed Hamlet, youd be right. But youd also be right if you guessed The Seagull. The American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, Mass. has programmed both plays this season, using the same cast, and audiences who saw Hamlet, which closed in January, will get to see Chekhovs play beginning Feb. 14.The idea for the double dose of melancholy came from ART artistic director Robert Brustein, who suggested it to guest director Ron Daniels. Although Daniels is directing both plays, he says hes of two minds about promoting the parallels.A play has got to stand on its own and reach its audience as a live piece of theatre, without extraneous references, he says. That being said, then you start investigating certain connections between the two plays, and interesting things begin to emerge.Chekhovs characters are continually quoting Hamlet, Daniels points out. Obviously the central relationship between Trepley and his mother is very Hamlet-like. Then there is the dead father and the usurper Trigorin. And finally Nina, like Ophelia, undergoes a great emotional stress.But such parallels, says Daniels, are mechanical. What interests him is Chekhoys attitude toward his characters, which, unlike Shakespeares, is profoundly ambivalent. Chekhov was exasperated by the Russian intelligentsia, who had potential for goodfor reformbut was incapable of action, he explains. The Russian Hamlet is a superfluous figure, and therefore he is swept aside. Or, actually, Treplev sweeps himself aside.In Danielss view, its Chekhovs women who are heroic: Arkadina, a voracious survivor, Masha, who has grit and a determination to endure; and particularly Nina. It is Nina who escapes the entombment of this world, and survives and endures and changes, he says, whereas in Hamlet, the Nina character Ophelia is destroyed. She refuses to fight for her life in the river.The productions are cross-cast, so that Mark Rylance, who played Hamlet, will play Treplev; the actress who played Ophelia will be Nina; Gertrude will be Arkadina; Claudius will be Trigorin; and other Danes will become Russians.Daniels originally directed Hamlet in 1989 at the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he spent the past 14 years as an associate director. For its remounting at ART, a coproduction with the Pittsburgh Public Theater, Daniels brought with him lead actor Rylance, composer and musician Claire van Kampen, and designer Antony McDonald. The director credits McDonald with nudging him away from location Shakespeare over the past four or five years. The moment you say, |Im going to set Pericles in modern Palestine, a set of inevitable solutions arises. I think its very easy to do productions of that nature, but its more interesting to try to find an inner logic, an inner coherence.McDonalds set for Hamlet is dominated by an immense window in the upstage wall, sharply tilted onto a corner, through which the audience sees painted gray breakers mounting to the top. When the back wall opens for outdoor scenes, like Fortinbrass march and Ophelias funeral, the turbulent ocean threatens to engulf the stage.McDonalds costumes suggest various periods of the early 20th century. The womens dresses look vaguely Edwardian (although Ophelia enters in a satin gown she might have borrowed from Jean Harlow), while male courtiers wear maroon-and-gray uniforms, jackboot and Sam Browne Belts, implying a fascist, 1930s Denmark. Perhaps the most arresting image was Rylances teary eyed Hamlet wandering through Elsinore in dirty, rumpled pajamas, like a lost child. Daniels says the idea arose because of Rylances youthful looks. Through the play it was possible to investigae the whole trauma of adolescence adolescent breakdown, schizophrenia, suicide, despair. says the director, who is a father himself. (A son, 23, has just joined the RSC; his daugther is 19. .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e , .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e .postImageUrl , .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e , .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e:hover , .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e:visited , .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e:active { border:0!important; } .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e:active , .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaf10127983e8d73153b04604dc5abf6e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Paula Vogel: no need for gravity Essay)The idea of a modern man reduced to a figure in pajamas has obsessed Daniels recently: his Richard II in 1990 wore the pajamas of a concentration camp, and he says the image may resurface in The Seagull.For the latter play, McDonald has created a visual parallel to the wild ocean: Chekhovs lake dominates the background. The design is vast, says Daniels. It starts off with huge landscapes, and gradually reduces, so the final scene is set in a minuscule,tomblike space. Nina emerges from this tomb and ventures through the storm toward a new life, leaving the rest to disappear into history.Daniels says he and McDonald intend to uproot Chekhov out of the sepias and the linden trees and the long flowing Victorian gowns, setting the play considerably later. Im anxious to explore color. Its not necessarily a play about sepia nostalgia: its vibrant, says Daniels. Apparently Matisse was a great favorite in Russia at the time the play was written, so McDonald has incorporated colors from the painters palette into the design.Daniels arrival at ART renews an old friendship with Brustein and other company members from Brusteins tenure at Yale Repertory Theatre, where Daniels directed plays y Brecht, Bond and Rudkin in the 1970s.The director, who is 49, was born and raised in Niteroi, a city across the bay from Rio de Janeiro, but established himself in England after a coup that toppled the Brazilian government in the 1960s. He became a free agent earlier this year when Adrian Noble reorganized the RSC, using freelance directors rather than house directors. ART, meanwhile, has asked him to stay in Cambridge as associate artictic director, a prospect which excites him. Im very interested in doing more than ad hoc productions, Daniels says. I like the sense of continuity at ART.The third stage of my life, which is going to happen in America, will tap both my early days the colors, smells, abandon and chaos of South America and my European years the discipline and rigors of the Old World. In America, I look forward to bringing those two things together.

SPEAK Essays - Fiction, Literature, Films, Speak, Melinda Sordino

SPEAK by Laurie Halse Anderson ANTICIPATION GUIDE Before reading Speak, read and respond to the statements below. Think about each statement carefully before writing agree, disagree, or unsure in the Before column. When we finish reading Speak, we will revisit these statements and you will write agree, disagree, or unsure in the After column. |Before |Statements |After | | |1. The pressures of fitting in at high school are greater | | | |than any other point in one's life. | | | |2. Students who are depressed are simply afraid to deal with| | | |their real or perceived problems. | | | |3. There is a difference between being quiet and being | | | |withdrawn. | | | |4. Students should not tell teachers about their personal | | | |problems, no matter how serious. | | | |5. A girl who dresses provocatively deserves any negative | | | |attention she gets. | | | |6. Girls are more likely than guys to say they have been | | | |sexually harassed. | | | |7. Whatever happens at a party should stay at the party. | | | |8. If someone is drunk or high, she or he is not responsible| | | |for her or his actions. | | | |9. Parents simply don't understand the problems teenagers go| | | |through. | | | |10. People who are quiet have something to hide. | | Compare your Before column to your After column. Have any of your opinions changed? If so, which ones and what made you change your opinion? If not, why do you think your opinions stayed the same? Book Structure: No numbered chapters. Four Marking Periods: First Marking Period - pages 2-46 Second Marking Period - pages 47-92 Third Marking Period - pages 93-137 Fourth Marking Period - pages 138-198 Plot Overview: Melinda Sordino is a freshman in high school (grade 9). She attended an end-of-summer party where she experienced a traumatic event, and called the cops. The cops busted the party, so everyone is mad at Melinda. Her old friends won't talk to her, and people who only know of her think she is a snitch. No one knows the real reason Melinda called the police. Melinda now has no friends and is not close to her parents - she feels completely alone. She starts skipping school and speaking very little. She is basically mute, except when she absolutely has to speak. Speak is about how Melinda struggles through her first year of high school and how she learns to cope with what has happened to her. Themes: Adolescence Growth Communication Depression Point of View: First person narrator from Melinda's perspective Characters: Protagonist: Melinda Sordino Antagonist: Andy Evans Setting: Place: Merryweather High School in Syracuse, New York Time: occurs over the course of a full school year Conflicts: Character versus Character(s) Character versus Self Character versus Circumstances Character versus Society First Marking Period Questions: 1. If something is ironic it is happening in a way that is opposite to what is expected. Think about how Melinda (and perhaps many other students) think about high school. Why do you think the name Merryweather High might be an ironic name for a high school? 2. On page 4, Melinda lists the groups (cliques) at Merryweather High school. Each group has its own special interests and characteristics that are different from the other groups. Why do you think members of different social groups often insult each other? 3. After she lists the social groups of Merryweather High, Melinda puts herself in a category she calls "Outcast." What does it mean to be an outcast? Look up the meaning in a dictionary, or infer the meaning from the text. 4. Think about how Melinda feels in Art class. Why is Mr. Freeman an appropriate name for the Art teacher? 5. On pages 5 and 6, Melinda list the "First ten lies they tell you in high school." Write out one lie you agree with and one lie you disagree with. Explain why you agree or disagree with each lie. 6. Is Heather a good friend for Melinda? Explain why you think she is or isn't. First Marking Period Journal Response Write a journal response about your reaction to the first section of Speak. You may use one of the prompts provided, or you may choose to write about something else that moved you. Try to fill all of the lines with your thoughts. Prompts: . Think back to your

United States Low Elevation Points List

United States Low Elevation Points List The United States of America is the third largest country in the world based on land area. The U.S. has a total area of 3,794,100 square miles (9,826,675 sq km) and is divided into 50 different states. These states vary in their topography and some have their lowest elevations far below sea level, while others are much higher.The following is a list of the lowest points in each of the 50 U.S. states arranged with the lowest elevations first:1) California: Badwater Basin, Death Valley at -282 feet (-86 m)2) Louisiana: New Orleans at -8 feet (-2 m)3) Alabama: Gulf of Mexico at 0 feet (0 m)4) Alaska: Pacific Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)5) Connecticut: Long Island Sound at 0 feet (0 m)6) Delaware: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)7) Florida: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)8) Georgia: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)9) Hawaii: Pacific Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)10) Maine: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)11) Maryland: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)12) Massachusetts: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)13) Mississipp i: Gulf of Mexico at 0 feet (0 m)14) New Hampshire: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)15) New Jersey: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)16) New York: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)17) North Carolina: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)18) Oregon: Pacific Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)19) Pennsylvania: Delaware River at 0 feet (0 m)20) Rhode Island: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)21) South Carolina: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)22) Texas: Gulf of Mexico at 0 feet (0 m)23) Virginia: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)24) Washington: Pacific Ocean at 0 feet (0 m)25) Arkansas: Ouachita River at 55 feet (17 m)26) Arizona: Colorado River at 70 feet (21 m)27) Vermont: Lake Champlain at 95 feet (29 m)28) Tennessee: Mississippi River at 178 feet (54 m)29) Missouri: Saint Francis River at 230 feet (70 m)30) West Virginia: Potomac River at 240 feet (73 m)31) Kentucky: Mississippi River at 257 feet (78 m)32) Illinois: Mississippi River at 279 feet (85 m)33) Oklahoma: Little River at 289 feet (88 m)34) Indiana: Ohio River at 320 feet (98 m)35) Ohio: Ohio River at 455 feet (139 m)36) Nevada: Colorado River at 479 feet (145 m)37) Iowa: Mississippi River at 480 feet (146 m)38) Michigan: Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m)39) Wisconsin: Lake Michigan at 579 feet (176 m)40) Minnesota: Lake Superior at 601 feet (183 m)41) Kansas: Verdigris River at 679 feet (207 m)42) Idaho: Snake River at 710 feet (216 m)43) North Dakota: Red River at 750 feet (229 m)44) Nebraska: Missouri River at 840 feet (256 m)45) South Dakota: Big Stone Lake at 966 feet (294 m)46) Montana: Kootenai River at 1,800 feet (549 m)47) Utah: Beaver Dam Wash at 2,000 feet (610 m)48) New Mexico: Red Bluff Reservoir at 2,842 feet (866 m)49) Wyoming: Belle Fourche River at 3,099 feet (945 m)50) Colorado: Arikaree River at 3,317 feet (1,011 m)

MGMT444 U1 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT444 U1 IP - Research Paper Example Organization is one of the key attributes that every business manager is expected to have. This characteristic ensures that desired business performance is achieved on periodic basis and new opportunities that arise during the course are not only identified but also utilized. Therefore, manager is expected to remain well aware at all times or at least have a mechanism or system in place to do so on systematic basis. 3) A major part of your job would involve managing people. It is important for us that our business managers are perceived as just and approachable. Have you come across such situations where maintaining objectivity would have been difficult in interpersonal situations? A business manager is required to be well respected by their subordinates. For this purpose, being just and fair is important. It is also important in order to motivate employees and have effective communication with them through different media (Hunter, 2009). 4) What do you think is the key of motivating one’s team? What attributes should managers have in this regard? Have you introduced any measures in your previous organizations to enhance employees’ morale and motivation level? A business manager is required to be aware of existing market practices used to motivate employees intrinsically as well as extrinsically (Hunter, 2009; Collins, 2001). Also, they should be creative enough to analyze needs of their subordinates and introduce new regime of policies to motivate them. 5) We believe that our managers represent our culture and values, as they are responsible for coaching and mentoring our workforce. Please tell us how you see yourself compatible with our values and principles. Coaching and mentoring is an important aspect of leading workforce. This function not only involves training employees regarding their function but also guide them about career progression and personal circumstances faced by them. It is

Summarization for 7 chapter of the weather makers Essay - 1

Summarization for 7 chapter of the weather makers - Essay Example The effects of clouds on global warming are still being investigated (Flannery 153-165). The Commitment and Approaching Extreme Danger (Seventeen) Although most of the greenhouse gases that was emitted during the WWI as our great-grand mothers stoked their fuel stoves is still warming the earth, It is not until about 2050 that we will be able to begin feeling the full effect of those greenhouse gases that happen to still be in circulation. The Earth’s current average temperature stands at around 59 degrees F and a slight increase could potentially wipe out most of the world’s species and billions of people (Flannery 166-170). Leveling the Mountains (Eighteen) The temperature drops by about 1 degree F for every distance of about one hundred yards travelled up a mountain. Without this effect, mountains would not be any different from the lowlands that surround them. In the past, when the world warmed at a rapid pace, most of the mountain-dwelling species used to inexorabl y and swiftly retreat to the cooler higher regions. It is possible to accurately calculate when some of these mountain dwelling species will become extinct given the current rate of global warming. The only species that stands to gain from the effects of global warming as animals retreat to the cooler temperatures are the four strains of malaria causing parasites (Flannery 171-177). How Can They Keep On Moving? (Nineteen) This is a brief chapter of the book in which Flannery seeks to explain just how climate change might potentially impact the world’s various habitats in the coming decades. Previously, Most of the world’s species had been able to escape the potentially catastrophic effects of climate change by moving up the mountains to the cooler parts where they could be able to find favorable temperatures necessary for their survival. However, as a result of global warming, there has been the formation of large water bodies being formed from the melting ice that ser ve in inhibiting the movement of these animals up the mountains. Various human activities such as buildings and fences are also playing a huge role in blocking the routes that these species normally use for migration. The effects of climate change are not limited to affecting only the animal species as various plant species are also being negatively impacted as well. Flannery explains how they fynbos which is one of the six floral kingdoms in the world and is found in the Cape Fold Mountains stands to lose nearly half of all its present species by the year 2050 if migration is restricted. Flannery is keen to point out that if immediate action were to be taken, we could potentially be able to save at least two species for every species that is killed failure to this, three out of every five of these species will not survive to see the turn of the century (Flannery 178-183). Boiling the Abyss (Twenty) In the past, scientist thought that the dying of most deep-sea dwelling fish immedia tely they happened to be brought up to the surface by the trawling nets used by marine biologists was attributed to the change in pressure. Modern scientists have proven this to be wrong and have attributed the deaths to temperature change. These fish are used to surviving in water temperatures that are close to zero and the surface temperatures are too high for them. The ocean is separated into different layers based on temperature. If perchance the ocean happens to absorb too much CO2, it

Underclass Exclusion Unemployment

Underclass Exclusion Unemployment Critically consider liberal accounts of the ‘underclass. To what extent is a focus on cultural characteristics useful in aiding our understanding of social exclusion. Use of the term social exclusion arose in Europe in the wake of prolonged and large scale unemployment that provoked criticisms of welfare systems for failing to prevent poverty and for hindering economic development. Silver (1994) stresses that economic restructuring in North American and European countries since the mid- 1970s has given rise to such terms as social exclusion, new poverty, and the underclass to describe the consequent negative effects on the more vulnerable populationsin these countries. Such phenomena also intensified the debate over the adequacy ofuniversal social protection policies and fuelled growing concern about the distributivefairness of employment and income patterns. Used first in France (Yepez-del-Castillo 1994), the concept spread quickly to the United Kingdom and throughoutthe European Union. Social exclusion theorists are concerned with the dissolution of social bonds, theincomplete extension of social rights and protections to all groups, and the linksbetween the idea of exclusion and more conventional understandings of inequality.They draw on theories of poverty, inequality, and disadvantage. In this context policiesto aid the excluded have focused on subsidizing jobs and wages, providing housing, and responding to urbanization. The value added of these discussions de rivesfrom their focus on the multifaceted nature of deprivation and on analysis of themechanisms and institutions that function to exclude people (de Haan 1998). Theconcept of social exclusion has encouraged scholars to consider simultaneously theeconomic, social, and political dimensions of deprivation. As Bhalla and Lapeyre(1997) stress, this concept encompasses the notion of poverty broadly defined, butis more general in that it explicitly emphasizes povertys relational as well as its distributionalaspects. Social Exclusion is another term for the lower strata poor. This implies that this is more than just about the straight poor but instead about behaviour which has created a lifestyle which is permanently dislocated from the habits and way of life of the majority. The concept of the underclass has been widely contested today. It has many links with social exclusion, the notion of a cycle of deprivation and cultural theories. During the course of this essay a number of different areas will be looked at. The focal point of this essay will rest by and large in the culture of binge drinking which is apparent across a significant area of the population. This part of the population has been named in many different ways by the media and social theorists alike from Chavs to the deprived to the socially excluded, all of which lead us to the same concept ‘The Underclass. It will then discuss different perspectives on the ‘underclass both into whether it truly exists and whether it i s the individuals or the welfare states fault. This essay will interrogate Murrays claims about the ‘underclass and explain how he is right on a descriptive level but totally wrong on an explanatory level. Furthermore it will look at media accounts of the urban poor and the fact that they are overwhelmingly liberal in orientation. Lastly it will look at the rise of neo-liberalism and the effect it has had on the poor in Britain. There have been many theorists which have researched the concept of the ‘underclass one of which who is highly recognised across Britain and the US is Charles Murray. Murray came to the UK in 1989 in search of an underclass and wrote an article in The Sunday Times about there being the foundations of an ‘underclass in British Society, this was widely contested amongst British sociologists and rejected. However this concept has now been widely researched and there has been increasing truth to Murrays (1990) article ‘The Emerging British Underclass. This article wrote in quite general terms about the ‘underclass and related it to trends of illegitimacy, crime and unemployment. His second essay written in 1996 ‘Underclass: The crisis deepens was preoccupied with illegitimacy, marriage and the state of the British Family. The concept of a traditional nuclear family reducing the chances of a child turning to crime has been one which has been researched heavil y. Although no conclusion has been reached it is still widely believed to be true. The term ‘underclass was derived by Ken Auletta in the 1980s to emphasise the behaviour and values of those deemed to be lower class. Murray (1996) attempts in great detail to show that he does not apply the term ‘underclass to all poor , only to those; ‘distinguished by there undesirable behaviour, including drug taking, illegitimacy, failure to hold down a job, truancy from school and casual violence,. Murray believes illegitimacy is the best indicator of an underclass in the making and the rising trend in illegitimacy therefore alarms him. He places a special focus on issues of violence as it becomes increasingly difficult to raise children to be un-aggressive when whole towns fall prey to criminality. However Alan walker offers a liberal view. He believes that Murray ‘blames the victim and thus diverts our attention from blaming the mechanisms through which resources are distributed. Victim blaming is the attitude which walker believes to have been at the root of many measures from Elizabethan Poor Law to todays ‘YTS and ‘restart programmes. There is the belief by Murray that there are two types of poor people, one of whom live on low incomes and another who dont just lack money . ‘There homes were littered and un-kept. The men in the family were unable to hold a job for more than a few weeks at a time. Drunkenness was common. The children grew up ill schooled and contributed a disproportionate share of the local juvenile delinquents. There are many other arguments about the underclass. Robert Moore suggested that despite his own misgivings; ‘a collective term such as the ‘underclass may be needed to refer to that group of marginalised migrant workers, refugees and asylum seekers, inner city ethnic minority populations and the very poorest who typically have little or no control over goods and skills either within or outside a given economic order. This coincides with Ralf Darendorfs view that the term ‘underclass is a ‘phenomenon of race here as well as the US. These are all rather liberal accounts of the underclasses and a view is taken that the majority of underclasses in both the UK and the US are ethnic minorities many of which are first r secong generation immigrants who have little or no understanding of the British Culture. Many of these minorities will live in poorer areas in which there children will fall victim to the culture of the ‘underclass. This culture includes getting involved with gangs, binge drinking and often leads to unprotected sex which would continue the cycle of the ‘underclass. The liberal accounts of the ‘underclass tend to focus on the pathological individual. This is that if they are poor and dont have a job it is there fault. Part of the pathological explanation suggests that it is the behaviour and attitudes of the underclass that have cut them off from normal society Murray being a strong advocate of this view, argues that welfare dependency has created a counter-cultural attitude that there is no need to work if one can instead receive state benefits or turn to crime instead. The opposing position suggests that the lack of full employment in the economy results in the unemployed and hence poverty. Here it is the failure of the structure rather than the individual themselves who can be blamed for the emergence of an underclass. Auletta refers to the underclass as a group who do not assimilate (1982: xvi quoted in Morris, 1994: 81), identifying four main groups: the passive poor, usually long term welfare recipients the hostile street criminal, drop-outs and drug addicts the hustlers, dependent on the underground economy but rarely involved in violent crime the traumatised drunks, drifters, homeless bag ladies and released mental patients In identifying these groups it can be seen that perhaps a different explanation for the underclass can be given for each grouping. However, in all four cases it could be argued that the underlying reason for the exclusion from society could be either pathological or structural. For example it could be argued that the passive poor are so because they hold the attitude that there is no need for work. The same group could also be said to exist because there are not enough jobs available in the economy for them to work. ‘The underclass as a phrase has shifted in emphasis since the 80s and this shift is partly in response to liberal commentators who suggested that the poor of the contemporary period are idle, jobless and criminal. ‘The underclass as a phrase became associated with blaming the poor for their marginalised social situation. Murrays claims are partly right at the descriptive level, but totally wrong at the explanatory level. There are many different reasons which could offer a far more reasonable explanation on the concentration of urban marginality today. Firstly the changing economy provides us with a number of reasons into why there is an underclass in the UK. Liberals and conservatives today tend to stress values like individual responsibility when considering such issues such as drugs, violence, teen pregnancy, family formation and the work ethic. Some critics readily blame welfare for poverty and find it hard to see how anybody even the poor would deliberately deviate f rom mainstream culture. With widespread joblessness many inner city people become stressed and there communities become distressed, poor people adapt to these circumstances as best they know, meeting the exigencies of there situation as best they can. The kinds of problems which cause moral outrage begin to emerge; teen pregnancy, welfare dependency and the underground economy. Its cottage industries of drugs, prostitution, welfare scams and other rackets pick up the economic slack. It is this underground economy which provides a means for these people as the regular economy cannot. Since 1997, the New Labour government has developed and administered contemporary social policy around the ideals of social inclusion. The Social Exclusion Unit (SEU), Welfare to Work and New Deal Programmes (1998) provide the chief manifestations of socially-inclusive policy. The SEU describes social exclusion as the short hand for what can happen when people or areas are suffering from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, bad health and family breakdown (SEU, 2001: 10). The shift to social inclusion policy is a response to the need to prevent individuals at risk of exclusion from becoming excluded, according to the SEU: a need it proposes to address by, for example, resolving to reverse the growth in family breakups, teenage pregnancies and crime, and to reduce possible restrictions to an individuals economic opportunity. And, where necessary, policy should be designed with the aim of reintegrating those already excluded socially, through programmes such as the New Deal and Welfare to Work (ibid: 29). Bauman argues that the shift in social policy towards the language of social inclusion is a result of key economic trends in the West, leading to the growth of a population that has become surplus to labour-market requirements. Byrne argues that social-inclusion rhetoric is the surface-froth of the more fundamental shift to Post-Fordist patterns of capital accumulation, where those at the margins of inclusion and exclusion serve as part of the reconstitution of a reserve army of labour power. Clearly, Bauman and Byrne differ in their explanations: Bauman viewing the excluded as an unwanted surplus to the expansion of capital, and Byrne viewing the excluded as vital to capitalist expansion. For Bauman, contemporary changes in social policy are part of the wider shift of the welfare state away from policy directed at supporting the re-commodification of labour power. Capital accumulation up until the 1985 required the state to play its role in the provision of key resources, including housing, education, health and, when necessary, welfare payments to the unemployed. This, for Bauman, ensured the re-commodification of quality labour power and also secured a viable reserve army; both of which were essential for post-war capitalist expansion. Since the 1980s, argues Bauman, capital accumulation has become increasingly premised on the rationalisation of the use of labour power, and thus on the shedding of the labour force. As a consequence, the role of the welfare state has ch anged, moving towards means-tested and targeted benefits, and towards-via training and employment policies-catering for capitalisms need for insecure, low-quality labour power, and the disciplining of a growing surplus population. As Bauman observes, ‘The present-day stream-lined, downsized, capital-and knowledge-intensive industry casts labour as a constraint on the rise of productivity to such a degree that economic growth and the rise of employment are, for all practical intents, at cross-purposes; technological progress is measured by the replacement and elimination of labour (Bauman, 1998: 65). The shift in welfare-state priorities towards social inclusion signifies deeper changes in the re-commodification of labour power. In this context, the issue of social exclusion and the rhetoric of social-inclusion policy signifies the emergence of a surplus population which is no longer required by capital as a reserve army of labour. To be sure, a reserve army of labour still exists in non-Western, industrialised areas of the world. For the West, though, capital no longer requires a welfare state committed to the universal provision of key services and social needs, because the maintenance of a reserve army is no longer functional to capital accumulation. For Bauman; ‘The welfare state will become increasingly residual as social policy confines itself to organising the control and administration of a population increasingly isolated from the capitalist labour market. Government is haunted by the prospect of the homeless and disinherited flocking in and capital flocking out. (Bauman, 1998: 54) This, for Bauman, is the reason why social exclusion and social-inclusion policy predominates discourses on welfare. Baumans argument provides a useful explanation of the shift in social policy towards social inclusion. However, the hard-and-fast equating of social exclusion with a surplus labour force playing no role as a reserve army is both empirically and theoretically suspect. Bauman ignores the day-to-day realities of the capitalist system in the West, where the links between capitals demand for labour power and a surplus of unemployed remain of crucial importance. For Baumans proposition to hold, one must assume that those experiencing social exclusion have no connection with the labour market and the status of wage labour. Yet evidence does not support such a view. Evidence suggests ‘A degree of complexity, with people variously experiencing exclusion with no labour-market attachment, exclusion with some labour-market attachment, and inclusion with weak and/or strong labour-market attachments (Labour Market Trends: 2002). In other words the experience of exclusion is as likely to be one premised on the poor, unstable employment as it is as on unemployment and unemployability (Levitas, 1999). Evidence, suggests that labour power continues to function as a reserve army of labour, however attenuated this function might be. A more realistic proposition for Bauman to make might be that the surplus population is growing at a faster rate relative to its function as a reserve army of labour. In this case, those experiencing this situation have little choice, within the constraints of contemporary capitalism, but to remain unemployed and consequently, as Dinerstein suggests; ‘suffer the humiliation of having to beg for work and be in a permanent state of readiness to offer their labour power as a commodity. (Dinerstein, 2002) Media accounts of the urban poor are overwhelmingly ‘liberal in orientation. Many of which, are talking about dole cheats and young women getting pregnant for council houses. The Suns ‘shop a dole cheat campaign hails from the same intellectual tradition as Murray. Many media campaigns have victimised the poor and paved the way for the ‘Chav culture. This has been ridiculed and reported on in the press and on television. A number of attacks have been launched on television channels and there treatment of Britains working classes. It was seen to be not only patronising and offensive but also potentially dangerous. Reality television shows such as Wife Swap, Big Brother and the confessional Jeremy Kyle Show, which tend to rely on working-class participants in search of fame or fortune, were the focus of most criticism. But the portrayal of the working classes in comedy programmes such as Little Britain and dramas like Shameless were also debated. Ethnic minority groups are ‘excluded as a result of their position in the new economy. In this sense, marginalised whites have a lot in common with marginalised blacks. There is however the associated dynamic of discrimination- the most notable example is the place of Muslims in a post 9/11 western world- however, understanding the position of these groups is more about ‘moral panics and fear of otherness. The economic literature on discrimination tends to focus on the different treatment of individuals-based on race, gender, or ethnicity in labour, credit, and consumer goods markets. This is obviously a serious matter, and there is ample evidence in the United States and elsewhere that such disparities are real and quantitatively important as a source of inter group economic inequalities (Modood and others 1997; Wilson 1996). Nevertheless, when considering ethnic group inequality, economists should look beyond what happens in markets. Of course, economists tend to focus on how markets work or fail. Economic theory suggests that discrimination based on gender or racial identity should be arbitraged away in markets of competitive sellers, employers, and lenders. But such discrimination is readily observed in society, and this anomaly attracts attention. Critics of neoclassical economics seize on it, and defenders of that orthodoxy seek to explain it away. Thus evidence that wage differences between the races or sexes have declined, after controlling for worker productivity, is supposed to vindicate the economists belief in market forces. This way of approaching the problem is too narrow. With wages, for example, the usual focus is on the demand side of the labour market-employers either have a â€Å"taste† for discrimination or use race as a proxy for unobserved variables that imply lower productivity for minorities. The primary normative claim in this approach is that such discrimination is morally offensive, a legitimate object of regulatory intervention, and a significant contributor to racial and gender inequality. But implicit in this claim is the notion that if inequality were due to supply-side differences-in the Glenn C. Loury 233 skills presented to employers by blacks and whites, for example-the resulting disparity would not raise the same moral issues or give a comparable warrant for intervention. There is a comparable view in housing markets-that residential segregation induced by the discriminatory behaviour of realtors is a bigger problem than segregation that comes about because of the freely made decisions of market participants. I propose a shift in emphasis. In the United States market discrimination against blacks still exists, but such discrimination is not as significant an explanation for racial inequality as in decades past. This calls into question the conventional wisdom on equal opportunity policy-that eliminating racial discrimination in markets will eventually resolve racial economic inequalit y. Much evidence supports the view that the substantial gap in skills between blacks and whites is a key factor accounting for racial inequality in the labour market. Yet this skills gap is itself the result of social exclusion processes that deserve explicit study and policy remediation. ‘The gap reflects social and cultural factors-geographic segregation, deleterious social norms and peer influences, poor education- that have a racial dimension (Cutler and Glaeser 1997; Akerlof 1997) Group inequality such as that between blacks and whites in the United States cannot be fully understood, or remedied, with a focus on market discrimination alone. Liberals like Murray look at cultural characteristics of the poor as a means of explaining ‘social exclusion. They say the poor is poor because they are lazy, because they dont try at school, because they dont get married. In my opinion the real reason the poor are poor is because; There arent any meaningful jobs anymore for these social groups. The economy no longer needs everyone to work. The successive governments have allowed our welfare state to slowly degenerate. Mainstream society have been conned into believing that these people bring it on themselves. Charles Murray in 1989 used drop out from the labour force among young males, violent crime and births from unmarried women would all be associated with the growth of a class of violent unsocialised people who if they become sufficiently numerous will fundamentally degrade the life of society. This can be seen to be happening today with the creation of ‘chav culture. These ‘Chavs are usually working class and live on council estates and dress in sportswear hoodies, tracksuits and caps. They wear excessive gold jewellery and are seen to be aggressive and uneducated. There was a dramatic increase in unemployed males between 1989 and 1999 from 20.5% to 31.2% which has continued to till today. Drop out in the labour force was largest in the group who had the least excuses to work these were from ages 20 to 24. The economy was not to be blamed fully as overall national employment was lower in 1999 than in 1989. The percentage of men in school did not change appreciatiably and increases of people in higher education have been concentrated among young women and people of both sexes over the age of 30. Since 1994 the number of men in higher education has actually decrease and crime both violent and property are higher than of that in America since 1996. From the mid 19th century to the first  ¾ of this century Britain enjoyed being seen as the most civilised country on earth. The US in this same period was seen as a violent and unruly society with high levels of personal freedom but lower levels of civility. Other continents had low crime rates but a high level of authoritarian control, however Britain is now another high crime industrialised country. Violent crime is seen as impulsive behaviour by those who seek instant gratification of there desires which is part of a general lack of socialisation and is the hallmark of the ‘underclass. Over the last two decades British children have not been socialised to norms of self control, consideration of others, and the concept that actions have consequences. Murray states; ‘One of the leading reasons that they are not being socialised is that larger numbers of British children are not being raised by two mature married adults. He believes that there is not alternative form of family which comes close to the traditional nuclear family of two married parents. He believed that children of two married biological parents were found to do much better than the children of single parents and the children of divorced mothers were found to do better than the children of never married mothers. Illegitimacy is overwhelmingly a lower class phenomenon. However Melanie Phillips argues that it is in fact the overclass fault that we have a lower strata poor. Children from deprived areas sometimes dont know how to use a knife and fork; they dont know what an alarm clock is; because they have no sense of an ordered day. Primary school children who have no idea how to make social relationships but who are aggressive foul mouthed or withdrawn. The government has ambitious plans and programmes on how to tackle social exclusion, turning out papers on truancy, teenage pregnancies, repairing shattered communities. All of which are commendable however this all presents the socially excluded as a breed apart, as an underclass and if there behaviour is somehow different from the rest of society. Government advisors and officials and advisors talk about drugs for instance and they assume that the higher strata can handle cannibas and cocaine but the poor cannot. On education they say there is nothing wrong with the top 2% of schools the problems are with separate sink schools with high levels of truancy and low levels of basic literacy. On family th ey say ‘Im cohabit, Im a lone parent so there is nothing wrong with the changing family. Its the poor who are the problem. This is not only hypocritical and unpleasant but it fails to see how culture works: that signals matter, that they work top down and that what is supportive behaviour by the upper classes can have a disastrous impact on the poor who do not have the soft cushioning of money and privilege to fall back on. The culture of being a lone parent is in some ways created by the elites who lead by example through judges who generally give custody to women and demand monthly child support paid to single mothers who are now also receiving extra benefits and this is done through an increase in taxes on married couples. Surely reducing the males role to nothing but a walking wallet and sperm donor is causing men who are poor to run away from marriage. To understand the underclass is imperative in understanding poverty as a whole. But perhaps more important is the understanding that the underclass is simply a collective term used to refer to a group of individuals. By grouping these individuals together it is far too easy to make stereotypical judgements and statements which, whilst certainly applying to various members of the group, by no means hold true for each individual within. Indeed, it is with little doubt that many members of the underclass do cut themselves off from society due to their behaviours and attitudes, but there will be many who do not. Some people are born more disadvantaged than others take the disabled and elderly for example. Both of these groups can fall within a definition of the underclass they are often dependent upon the state and are in many ways excluded from certain aspects of society. It would take a radical commentator to suggest that either of these groups, and hence the whole of the underclass, are so due to their behaviour and attitudes.

Pediatric Nursing Essay

A pediatric nurse must offer the proper maintenance care to a child. Depending on the specific pediatrics office or environment that they work, most accurately define the roles that they are to assume. In pediatrics nursing, the nurse is responsible for the developmental screenings. Part of this aspect includes measuring the height, weight, and other preliminary measures that mark a child’s growth and development. Nurses in pediatrics are often responsible for collecting laboratory samples. A pediatric nurse will also perform further routine tests and screenings such as checking a child’s temperature, heart rate, blood pressure levels, and respiratory rates. He or she may be responsible for conducting the more basic eye exams, as well. A pediatric nurse is also in direct contact with the parents, so they are to offer the parents the support that they need. In pediatrics nursing, a pediatric nurse may be instructed to interpret laboratory results. Those nurses that work in acute care pediatrics may also conduct in depth physical assessments of any given child. There are several ways become a pediatric nurse. You can become a LPN, an RN, or obtain your Bachelor’s in Nursing. A Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) takes approximately one year. Your scope of practice varies with the state that you live in. In my state, Indiana LPNs cannot start IVs, but can give medications, with the exception of a few specific medications. While the track to becoming an LPN is the shortest, your opportunities are also limited. For example a lot of hospitals are not hiring LPNs so they are limited to nursing homes. A Registered Nurse (RN) is the next type of nurse that you can become. Typically, this takes approximately two years to achieve. Nurses who go through a RN program receive either a nursing certificate or an associate’s degree in nursing (ADN or ASN). Registered nurses can work in many areas and have a wide range of privileges. RNs are the most flexible when it comes to areas in which you can work. Another option is to complete a four-year program in nursing which gives you a bachelor’s Degree in Nursing in addition to an RN license. More and more facilities prefer nurses with their BSN. To obtain your BSN you can either go to a four-year college or you can obtain your RN and then go to a bridge program and obtain your BSN. After obtaining the option of nursing you desire the next step is becoming a pediatric nurse. One of the easiest ways to become a pediatric nurse is to apply to work in a site that serves pediatric patients and receive your specialized training there where you work. The hospital where I hope to work offers a 3 month intern program for new nursing graduates that include both classrooms and clinical training specifically in pediatrics. Becoming a Certified Pediatric Nurse (CPN) once you have graduated, you can also take an exam to become a Certified Pediatric Nurse. There are also special classes that address Pediatrics. These include Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) through the American Heart Association, the Emergency Nurse Pediatric Course through the Emergency Nurses Association (see: www. ena. org), and Emergency Medical Services for Children.

Army Soap Note

The SOAP note is the accepted method of medical record entries for the military. S: (subjective) – What the patient tells you. O: (objective) – Physical findings of the exam. A: (assessment) – Your interpretation of the patients condition. P: (plan) – Includes the following: 1. Medical treatment: includes use of meds, use of bandages, etc. 2. Additional diagnostics: which if any test which still might be needed. X-ray MRI ect.. 3. Special instructions, handouts, use of medications, side effects, etc. 4. Return to clinic: when and under what circumstances to return. Components of the SOAP note. . Medical History – Which gives you an idea of the patients problem before you start the physical exam of the patient. a. Patient data b. chief complaint 1. This is the reason for the patients visit. 2. Use direct quotes from patient. 3. Avoid using medical terms. c. Observations begin as soon as the patient walks through the door. d. Open ended questions will help you to get more complete and accurate information. e. Provider obstacles which are your attitude towards the individual or pre diagnosis of sick call ranger may prevent you from making an accurate judgment. . History of present illness/injury (HPI) f. Duration: when the illness/injury started. g. Type of pain: use the patients words to describe the type of pain. h. Location: have the patient explain, then have them point it out. i. : what makes it better or worse and is it constant or does it vary in intensity. j. Pain in different positions: does the pain vary with the change of the patients position. k. Medications/allergies: note any medications whether over the counter or not. Do the medications relate to the problem?Take note of the patients allergies. l. Supplements: note any supplements the patient is taking along with vitamins so you are aware of the possible interactions with the medication that may be given to the patient. m. Pertinent facts: facts which lead you to your diagnosis. Usually consist of classical signs and/or symptoms. I have found that the best way to get a person’s medical history is to using the SAMPLE and OPQRST. It’s a fast and easy way to recall the information that you need to provide to the PA or NCOIC.S: Symptoms A: Allergies M: Medicine taken P: Past history of similar events L: Last meal E: Events leading up to illness or injury O: Onset – What caused the illness or injury, or what were you doing at the time P: Provocation/Position – what brought symptoms on, where is pain located. Q: Quality – sharp, dull, crushing etc†¦ R: Radiation – does pain travel S: Severity/Symptoms Associated with or on a scale of 1 to 10, what other symptoms occur T: Timing/Triggers – occasional, constant, intermittent, only when I do this.Lastly you need to provide a name(first, last and middle initial) phone number, date of birth, FULL social security number, sex, and rank/grade. All this information is provided in order to file the note into the patients medical records. It can also be used to contact the patient regarding an appointment or information we may further need to assist the patient in his medical needs. All notes must be signed by the individual that screened the patient. There are 2 reason for this one is to insure that nothing is added to the note, this protects both yourself and the patient.It also allows the PA or NCOIC to speak with the individual that screened the patient for additional information regarding the patient or having them correct a deficiency with the note itself before being placed in the patients medical history. Signing under the last portion of the note lets people know that the note has ended however do not mark any open space out, the PA may want to add additional information which he will then stamp verifying that he was the one who in fact added the information. Spc Singleton 68W10

How Would You Say Wiped in French Try Essuyer

In French, the verb  essuyer  means to wipe. Changing this into the past tense wiped or the future tense will wipe requires a verb conjugation. This lesson will show you how to transform  essuyer  into the simplest and most useful forms. First, however, it should be noted that  essuyer  is very similar in spelling and sound to  essayer, which means to try. Watch out for these two so you dont confuse them. Conjugating the French Verb  Essuyer The -yer  ending tells us that  essuyer  is a  stem-changing verb. In certain conjugations, the Y changes to an I before the infinitive ending is attached. While it doesnt change the pronunciation, it does affect the spelling, so its important to pay attention to it. To conjugate  essuyer, begin with the verb stem of  essuy-. We will then add a new ending according to the tense of the sentence as well as the subject pronoun. This means that I wipe is jessuie and we will wipe is nous essuierons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' essuie essuierai essuyais tu essuies essuieras essuyais il essuie essuiera essuyait nous essuyons essuierons essuyions vous essuyez essuierez essuyiez ils essuient essuieront essuyaient The Present Participle of  Essuyer When we add -ant  to the verb stem of  essuyer, the  present participle  essuyant  is formed. This is a verb, of course, but is also useful as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  past participle  of  essuyer  is  essuyà ©. Its used to form the passà © composà ©Ã‚  for the past tense tried. Before its complete, you must also include the subject pronoun and the appropriate conjugation of the  auxiliary verb  avoir. It all comes together quite easily. For instance, I wiped is jai essuyà © while we wiped is nous avons essuyà ©. Notice how  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir  and that the past participle doesnt change. More Simple  Essuyer  Conjugations to Know Were not quite done with  essuyer, though the verb forms above should be a priority in your studies. There will also be times when you want to imply uncertainty or dependency to the verbs action. In these cases, you can use the subjunctive verb mood or the conditional form.   When reading French, you may encounter any of the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive forms of  essuyer  as well.   Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' essuie essuierais essuyai essuyasse tu essuies essuierais essuyas essuyasses il essuie essuierait essuya essuyà ¢t nous essuyions essuierions essuyà ¢mes essuyassions vous essuyiez essuieriez essuyà ¢tes essuyassiez ils essuient essuieraient essuyà ¨rent essuyassent The imperative verb form is used in assertive and short statements. When using it, keep it short and skip the subject pronoun: tu essuie becomes essuie. Imperative (tu) essuie (nous) essuyons (vous) essuyez